The Vygotskian Socio Cultural Theory Education Essay Free Essays

Lev Vygotsky was a therapist that changed the universe with his hypothesis on socio-social turn of events. His hypothesis of socio-social advancement fixated on the feeling that a child learns through adults or equivalents. As it were a child ‘s psychological improvement is locked in through the child ‘s condition, this implies a child creates through cooperation with different people. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Vygotskian Socio Cultural Theory Education Essay or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now Vygotsky ‘s hypothesis varied from different theoreticians speculations ; one of them was Piaget, a Swiss analyst. His hypothesis was that children gain from the inside out, this implies a child takes their ain discernment to the universe ( as talked about in class ) . Piaget ‘s hypothesis concentrated on two develops, one was the build of digestion, which is an intellectual method whereby new encounters and data are put in the subjective development of the child. The other develop is change ; this is a subjective methodology which alludes to the resulting Reconstruction that takes topographic moment that new data is taken in. Vygotsky on the different manus accept that a child ‘s obtaining takes topographic point from the outside in, which only implies that a child ‘s condition figures out what s/he learns. In Vygotsky ‘s socio-social obtaining hypothesis one must acquaint oneself with the develops before we can get down to hang on the idea of hypothesis and use it right. The vast majority of import trademark to hang on is the zone of proximal turn of events. The zone of proximal advancement is characterized as the distinction between what a researcher can make without help and what the individual in question can make with help ( Wikipedia ; the zone of proximal improvement ) . In footings of one ‘s trepidation, the ZPD is the separation between the existent improvement level of a child as dictated by free occupation goals and the level of conceivable advancement of a child as decided through employment work excursion through equivalent or adult association. The existent improvement of a child is the maps that have just developed and the researcher gets it. The conceivable level of improvement is the maps still in maturing, the misgiving has non created. The ZPD permits rese archers to intervene through cultural communication. ( Maths strategy: 1 ; Goba, B ) Vygotsky put stock in three of import aspects that structure his hypothesis, this is the cultural setting, semantic correspondence and intercession. These three features are of import as in ; the cultural setting is the setting where researchers are coming signifier. So they may come into the universe with a cognizance previously ingrained in them, this insight may non needfully be correct. Some researcher ‘s cultural setting may actualize a type of prejudice this may do the child racialist. At the end of the day kids gain their cognizance through cultural settings, from birth the child ‘s cultural collaboration delineates the kind of perception s/he will pass on to society. Since the earth is ever modifying, comprehension is ever adjusting. So discernment is ne’er idle. The accompanying aspect is etymological correspondence being the frontal line for the balance of this hypothesis. In the event that a researcher can non comprehend phonetic correspondence be it numerical, mark or the etymological correspondence medium, the researchers information can non turn and spread out due to a hindrance with does non permit the improvement of the researchers subjective development. Language is a way to pass on, and if phonetic correspondence is non comprehended than the imparting nexus is broken. What's more, the last feature is the capacity of intervention. All together for strong imparting to take topographic point at that spot must be some signifier of intervention to support the conveying. This is the place the ZPD comes into show. The researcher may non comprehend a curious build by way of intervention, something or individual that guides the worry so the child goes from what they do n’t comprehend to what they can hang on. Orchestrating to Vygotsky, â€Å" Every guide in the child ‘s social advancement shows up twice: first, on the cultural degree, and in this manner, on the single degree ; chief, between individuals ( interpsychological ) thus inside the child ( intrapsychological ) . This applies each piece to deliberate joining in, to coherent memory, and to the arrangement of develops. All the higher maps begin as existent connections between people. â€Å" The socio social hypothesis is so characterized as a hypothesis of larning that takes a gander at the part society as made in a man ‘s improvement ( psycology.about.com ) . It does non only focus on the researcher as a man however as the researcher and social setting on an entirety. Vygotsky clarified this hypothesis in footings of phonetic correspondence. He contended that cultural cooperation signifiers this new larning through the ZPD where researchers increase new semantic correspondence through cultural connection. It layouts of a semantic correspondence as joining both the customary conduct and lingual spot of phonetic correspondence. This hypothesis of etymological correspondence can suggest that the capacity of the earth can deliver contrasts in comprehension. The socio-social hypothesis was received by Jerome Bruner and made westernized, presently it ‘s utilized everywhere throughout the universe. Case study: My name is Triona Pillay and I ‘m 19 mature ages old. I live in an Indian township. This twelvemonth I did my guidance design 220 at an Indian school which numerous non American indians other than join in. Subsequent to learning design 120 and all the various features we secured with the vacillations of school types we could head out to, I thought I ‘d be acceptable prepared to deal with any schoolroom situation with the way in which learning design 120 had educated us to. Anyway the schoolroom circumstances we experienced was diverse to the 1s we were advised to consider. Going into Teach at a school where the mode of semantic correspondence is English was what I see to be simple since that my place phonetic correspondence and that ‘s the etymological correspondence that researchers ought to be acquainted with. However, that was just the start of my activity during my guidance design. Bing a science teacher was all the more hard as researchers could n’t hang on explicit develops. My first blunder was that researchers had earlier information to the subjects being educated, in the occasion of my group: 10 classification, the subject was diagnostic geometry. They did n’t comprehend that when a negative is squared the figure since positive. The researchers instructed prep was a muffle and class cut was for mingling. Thus I had the educator ‘s position who said that the researchers know the work and they whine for nil that they do n’t comprehend. Society has regarded that it ‘s overall that dark researchers that do n’t get English and wo n’t have the option to comprehend what is being asked, however in this school the Indian researchers got mistook for the English. Straightforward tasks like 3x=9, thus ten =3 the researchers did n’t see how the answer 3 is gotten. Something else that I discovered unnerving was that the schoolrooms were clearly n straightforward with no existent postings to do the schoolroom a topographic point where researchers need to come. With everything taken into account my guidance design was an existent encounter on how researchers and adults and their condition follow up on their conduct and open introduction. Something that I discovered rather retaining was during a workforce conference and they were talking why an impossible to miss researcher acts so loathsome at school and one of the recommendations was a direct result of the way his male parent treats him. Obviously the male parent truly hit the child in forepart of the educator and strolled off and a couple of different occasions the male parent sent the child with burst lips. This is non the solitary ground I accepted for the occupations I ‘ve experi enced. I accepted at that school it ‘s a prevalence rivalry were everybody needs to suit in so the splendid individuals adhere to the shrewd individuals and the blue 1s keep up to their family. What's more, once you come to rate: 8 u get started into one of those tonss. This is my own situations on the condition of affairss that happened during my guidance example and a portion of the grounds why I accept the condition of affairss happened. Issue work excursion using Vygotskian socio-social hypothesis: The significant activity I recognized during learning design was the inadequacy of both scientific phonetic correspondence and discernment and the capacity of the researcher to show their musings or assessments in class because of the semantic correspondence hindrance of down to earth English words. First I ‘d wish to demonstrate out that activity can non be comprehended over dull. It requires continuous contribution from both the teachers and the researchers. My first program of activity in my class is to advance perusing in my classification. Conceivably I can recommend that the school put in topographic point 30 proceedingss of readings in the forenoon. The segment of guidance does coordinate schools instructive papers that they can provide for researchers to peruse. The more the researchers read the more the researchers develop their jargon. My associates and I can introduce 10 new, intriguing and energizing words that the researchers can use during the hebdomad, at school to supplant the ordinary words that they utilize all the clasp. Utilizing Vygotsky ‘s rules will take a few patients from both the researchers and the educators especially for teachers who have been learning for 20 or more mature ages, numerous individuals are non exposed to modify. The accompanying measure as a maths teacher is to develop on front numerical perception and incite the researchers, so that if

Pride and Prejudice Essay -- English Literature

Pride and Prejudice 1. How do the story procedures of ‘showing’ and ‘telling’ work at this point in the novel? 2. How does this entry identify with the topics of the novel in general? The initial segment of the entry is dialogic, in that it contains as it were discussion among Lydia and Mrs Bennet. Jane Austen, through the utilization of account strategies, gives the peruser an inside and out comprehension of the story. One of these strategies is ‘showing’, which with the utilization of discourse, permits us to increase a comprehension of the characters. The characters of Lydia and Mrs Bennet, through the utilization of discourse in this section, are ‘shown’ to be unreasonably worried about the desires for the general public in which they live, by being fixated on the significance of marriage. Lydia is energetic in her way; this is ‘shown’ to the peruser when she talks of getting spouses for her sisters, â€Å"They should all go to Brighton. That is the spot to get husbands†. She is satisfied with herself and even proud in her capacity of having made sure about a spouse before any of her sisters. She worships him, ‘shown’ by the storyteller, with proclamations for example, â€Å"Is he not an enchanting man?† and â€Å"I am certain my sisters should all envy me†. Austen additionally ‘shows’ how energetic both Lydia and her mom are about making sure about spouses for her sisters, with the utilization of this story method of ‘showing’, utilizing expressions, for example, â€Å"there will be a few balls, and I will take care to get great accomplices for them all† (Lydia) and â€Å"I should like it past anything!† (Mrs Bennet). This dialogic type of ‘showing’, permits us to see the two characters during their discussion with one another, solidly building up the characters also, perspectives on Mrs Bennet and Lydia. This ‘show... ...&P). At that point obviously there was Miss King, who had come into a fortune of ten thousand pounds; Wickham ‘had paid her not the littlest consideration till her grandfather’s demise made her courtesan of this fortune’, (Page 121 P&P). His ‘distress of circumstances’ constrained him to look for a fortune, for which he would evidently go to any length to make sure about. We are energized by the utilization of discourse and story to separate between Elizabeth’s individual and enthusiastic honesty, Lydia’s indecency, and Mrs Bennet’s tirelessness in making sure about spouses for them all, regardless of what it takes. List of sources  · Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen  · The Realist Novel †- Part One: Section One †The Genre Approach Section Two †Reading Pride and Prejudice - Part Two: Authenticity and Romance Authenticity and the novel structure Jane Austen and the war of thoughts

College Admission Essay Samples

College Admission Essay SamplesWhether you want to prepare for your application or be at the college door yourself, having the correct college admission essay samples can mean the difference between getting accepted and simply a rejection letter. The right essay will help you present yourself in the best possible light; this way, you stand a better chance of being called back into interview or being invited to apply for the college of your choice.Before you go out and buy all the essay samples you can find, you should think about what exactly you are looking for. Here are some things to keep in mind when doing research:What type of topic are you writing about? You will want to determine if you will be writing about something that is based on your personal experience, something that is based on common experiences, or something that is considered a more generalized idea. While writing a general essay may interest some students, it will not likely be the best choice if you want to get i nto a specific college, or are interested in a specific career path. If you need to research the topic, you can start with the school itself, or even ask for some recommendations.How long will you be writing a college admissions essay? The length of a college admission essay may vary, depending on how complex the topic is. Some students may be able to fit in a couple paragraphs while others may need to find a place to insert their personal experiences. As long as you know what you are writing is still relevant, it can be completed in a shorter amount of time.What is the format of your college admission essay? There are two different formats of college admission essays. The first form, the formal essay, is designed to compare your background and experiences to a desired college. The second form, the response essay, is designed to express your thoughts on a certain topic and reflect upon the person writing the essay.A list of colleges is not the only place to look for college admissio n essay samples. There are many books, as well as websites, that offer you a wide variety of styles, opinions, and points of view. You may even find your college essay in print or online, and depending on your preferences, you can pick the one that is best for you.Whether your college admissions essay is for high school or college, it is important to put your best foot forward. Writing is not an easy task, and unless you really enjoy it, it will make a student's life miserable. Taking the time to research the topics you want to write about and choosing the format you want will ensure you are writing the essay that you truly want to write.College admission essay samples are available online, as well as in books and on paper. It is important to pick the one that fits best for you, and will help you have the most positive impact on the world of college admissions. Many applicants spend their entire high school years preparing for college admissions, but the results often show that stud ents simply do not put the time into their essays.

School Violence - 2187 Words

School Violence Violence in schools has spread widely throughout the nation. School violence is a big problem we are facing now. This has caused many problems among students, families’ faculty of schools and residents of the community. School violence includes gang activity, locker thefts, bullying and intimidation, gun use, assault, and drugs. In my paper I will discuss the reasons why violence in schools exists, describe the dangers and effects of school violence and what could or â€Å"should be done about it. There is definitely a problem with school violence today. The last 11 years have shown us that violence in our schools society is more common†¦show more content†¦In the last 10-11 years several shootings have taken place, starting the 2nd of February 1996, in Moses Lake, Washington. Barry Loukatis opened fire in his algebra class, killing 2 students and a teacher. There was another shooting in the same month, February 19, 1996. This shooting took place in Bethel, Alaska, killing the principal and a student. There were three more shooting in 1997, including the shooting in Pearl Mississippi on October 1, where two students were killed and seven were wounded, by a 16 year old boy In 1998 there were five school shootings, the Jonesboro shooting would be the one of these five occurrences. Four students and one teacher were killed and there were ten others wounded. As for 1999, there have been three shootings, but the year isn’t over who says there won’t be more. T he biggest of these shootings was the Columbine shooting, which took place April 20th, 1999, where 14 students and one teacher were killed and 23 others were injured. It’s sad to say that these are not all the shootings that occurred, there were many others that took place. This would tell anyone that there is a major problem with violence in schools today. The cause of violence can be blamed on many things. School violence starts out with the bully on the playground, or the pushing and shoving in the lunch line, but given the right set of circumstances what might have been prevented with some supervision instead turns intoShow MoreRelatedSchool Violence And Schools Violence2781 Words   |  12 PagesSchool violence has become a topic that many people are engaged in a debate about. It is difficult to make a definitive definition of school violence, because there are so very many components to it. For one thing, we can be sure that school violence and bullying is something that only takes place amongst peers; this type of violence typically does not involve adults, and happens as a result of interactions from school or within the peer group. This part of the definition seems obvious. However,Read MoreSchool Violence2444 Words   |  10 PagesSchool Violence Victoria Griffin Fayetteville State University The Importance to Be Aware Of School Violence in Education Today By Victoria Griffin December 1, 2014 Abstract: The importance of knowing about school violence, the cause of school violence, forms of school violence and they ways teacher can prevent school violence was observed. A recent act of school violence is announced and the content of why it is important for teachers to be aware of school violence. School violenceRead MorePrevention of School Violence717 Words   |  3 Pages Violence is a major issue in educational institutes. Over the years, school violence has continued to increase at an alarming rate. â€Å"Every year, 3 million young people in the United States fall victim to crimes at school. Almost 2 million of these incidents involve violence† (â€Å"The Challenge of School Violence†). Violence in schools must be prevented. Teachers and parents play a significant role in a student’s life, and they need to take a full on approach on having a healthy relationship with eachRead MoreThe Problem Of School Violence886 Words   |  4 Pages The somewhat recent event of Sandy Hook has been a major focus of debate among any serious discussion about school violence in America. Yet, just since Columbine, there has been over 100 school shootings, not including stabbing, rape, or even fist fights (in which there was serious injury or death). Despite this unprecedented level of aggression among our nation’s youth, the nation, in its entirety, has not dedicated an appropriate amount of time and energy to coming up with a solution. The bulkRead MoreSchool Violence Essay1154 Words   |  5 PagesPreventing school violence has been an issue in our society for so long it has almost become commonplace. According to an article on www.infoplease.com, since the year 2000, there have been a recorded 64 shooting related incidents that involved publicly occupied areas. That is an occurrence of almost five per year. Of those 64, 94% of these incidents were school related shootings. The violence goes from elementary schools all the way up to college universities. The statistics are not pretty by anyRead MoreSchool Violence1125 Words   |  5 PagesFinding a Solution to School Violence Anita Lopez Kaplan University CM-220 School is a place where children should go to learn, educate themselves, make lifelong friends and most importantly they should feel safe. The violence in schools has increased over the years and many schools aren’t sure how to handle this growing problem in an appropriate manner. School violence may come in various forms and some of the most common forms of school violence include physical abuses, bullying, brawlRead MoreThe Violence Of Public Schools871 Words   |  4 PagesIn recent times, several mass shootings have occurred in several places. Sadly, public schools in America have been venues for these mass shootings. How do we reduce these shootings? How do we ensure that the lives of our kids are safe? These are the questions parents all over America are asking. A lot of suggestions have been made to the government concerning the issue of mass shootings. Some say government have to ban the purchase of guns, others say there should be background checks, while othersRead MoreEssay on School Violence837 Words   |  4 Pagesclassmates and one teacher. School violence changes our youths morals. From bullying to peer pressure, youth are exposed to school violence everyday. What is school violence? 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AndRead More School Violence Essay2056 Words   |  9 PagesSchool violence has become a matter of increasing concern in recent years. With the occurrence of incidents such as Columbine, more schools are becoming aware of and concerned with a rise in teenage/school violence. Violence is a broad term to define but in it’s simplest terms, can be defined as â€Å"a verbal, visual, or physical act intended to demean, harm, or infringe upon another’s civil rights,† (Kopka, 175). In 1977, the National Alliance for Safe Schools was founded by Peter Blauvelt. This

Famine, Affluence, and Morality Essay - 892 Words

In the article by Singer, P. (1972) â€Å"Famine, affluence, and morality† main argument is that to persuade his readers in what people of wealth and governments should help with famine relief, especially in East Bengal as one example given. Singer is furthermore also mention somewhat of and utilitarianism. Therefore, according to Mosser, K. (2010) â€Å"A concise introduction to philosophy† states that the â€Å"act utilitarianism applies the idea of utilitarianism to specific acts, emphasizing what moral is what produces the greatest good for the greats number†¦contrast with rule utilitarianism† (2010, Glossary). However, it is important to remember that Singer main agenda is to show ways that both people and counties deal with disasters and how to†¦show more content†¦(p. 962) To explain the three counter arguments on Singers response were weak and only seen to relate to the fact of the Bengalis and leaving other cultures behind or others such as Ethiopia where famine is a daily existence of life there. Therefore, Singer (1972) argues about trying to find: Distinction between duty and charity in some other place... that the present way of drawing the distinction, which makes it an act of charity for a man living at the level of affluence, which most people in the developed nations enjoy giving money to save someone else from starvation, cannot be supported. (p. 235) Lastly, Singer looks at the moral scheme of things and how they justify on giving aid and how the principle of marginal unity can apply. As he states that we have an obligation and duty to help others in famine suffering if we can do so, then it is in your morals scheme makeup to do so. According to Singer (1972) states that he had, â€Å"One objection to the position I have taken might be simply that it is too drastic a revision of our moral scheme. People do not ordinarily judge in the way I have suggested they should† (p. 236). Another point that Singer made was that â€Å"The conclusion that should be drawn is that the best means of preventing famine, in the long run, is population control† (p. 240). Therefore, the point is to help if one is able to or better yet,Show MoreRelatedFamine Affluence And Morality1963 Words   |  8 PagesIn â€Å"Famine, Affluence and Morality,† Peter Singer emphasizes the potential revisionary implications of accepting util itarianism as a guide for conduct. The moral philosophy Singer conveys in this text are most closely related and comparable to the ideas of nineteenth-century English philosopher, John Stuart Mill as Singers’ approach is utilitarian rather than deontological. Despite their similarities, the ideas of Singer and J.S Mill contain many discrepancies, especially with regard to whether theyRead MoreFamine, Affluence and Morality1663 Words   |  7 PagesSinger’s Famine, Affluence, and Morality Ametra Heard PHI208 Ethics and Moral Reasoning Instructor Zummuna Davis January 14, 2013 Singer’s Famine, Affluence, and Morality In the Peter Singer’s article â€Å"Famine, Affluence, and Morality†, he discusses the way that people should take moral in their help toward the support of the Bengal famine crisis. Singer states three obligations that would help the Bengal region through the means of a wealthy person, and those individuals living life on a dayRead MoreFamine, Affluence, And Morality1555 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween numerous countries across the world, and enables people living in developed countries to help those who are experiencing famine, deaths and diseases in poor countries. However, the moral necessity of doing so has been controversial in human’s society for years. One philosopher named Peter Singer gives his opinion in the article â€Å"Famine, Affluence, and Morality†, and presents a powerful argument supporting his claim. In this essay, I will explain his conclusion and main argument, propose oneRead MoreFamine, Affluence, And Morality906 Words   |  4 Pa gesWithin â€Å"Famine, Affluence, and Morality† Peter Singer delves into the topic of famine; specifically, the moral obligations individuals in affluent countries have to those who are suffering. In his example, Singer focuses on the population of East Bengal, and their struggle with famine and extreme poverty. Singer proposes that with enough aid from both individuals and various governments extreme poverty can be eradicated. Therefore, the question he presents is why poor people are dying while affluentRead MoreFamine, Affluence, And Morality1991 Words   |  8 PagesWojtek Sokà ³Ã…‚ Phi 115-002 Ethics – Final Paper Famine, Affluence, and Morality Peter Singer Jimmy carter once said, We know that a peaceful world cannot long exist, one-third rich and two-thirds hungry. With the world now more interconnected than ever there might be a solution to world hunger by distribution of wealth. Peter Singer, in his article titled, Famine, Affluence, and Morality, takes this concept of unity that we have on a global scale and tries to tackle the issue of world hunger. BeforeRead More Famine, Affluence, and Morality Essay2027 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"Famine, Affluence, and Morality†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In â€Å"Famine, Affluence, and Morality,† Peter Singer is trying to argue that â€Å"the way people in relatively affluent countries react to a situation†¦ cannot be justified; indeed,†¦ our moral conceptual scheme needs to be altered and with it, the way of life that has come to be taken for granted in our society†(Singer 230). Peter Singer provides striking examples to show the reader how realistic his arguments are. In this paper, I will briefly give a summary ofRead MoreFamine, Affluence and Morality by Peter Singers929 Words   |  4 Pages In this essay I will be arguing why a utilitarian could possibly disagree with Peter Singers Argument presented in â€Å"Famine, Affluence and Morality.† After reading such an interesting paper I must say as much as I disagreed with Singers viewpoints I almost found it difficult to object them with support. From a utilitarian point of view we are to maximize Happiness by reducing suffering. How can Giving possible make someone unhappy? But as I was thinking a saying came across my mind, â€Å"Two steps forwardRead MoreFamine, Affluence, and Morality Essay1371 Words   |  6 PagesFamine, Affluence, and Morality Websters English Dictionary defines morality as: the conformity to ideals of right human conduct. With this in mind, I wonder who determines right human conduct? Religion aside, there is no literary context that strictly states the rights and wrongs of human behavior. So who decides? Who determines what we ought morally to do and what we are obligated to do as a society? An Australian philosopher, Peter Singer attempts to draw the line between obligationRead MoreFamine, Affluence and Morality by Pete Singer1045 Words   |  4 PagesIn the article, â€Å"Famine, Affluence, and Morality†, Pete Singer, a Utilitarian, argues that citizens in affluent countries such as the United States have a moral obligation to give up as much as they can for famine relief. Singer’s contention in his article is that the way we morally conduct ourselves ought to be reappraised. (Singer, 230). I Singer’s argument, and in this paper, I will examine the distinction between duty a nd charity, compare both deontological and consequential theories of ethicsRead MoreFamine, Affluence and Morality by Peter Singer1486 Words   |  6 PagesIn his own essay â€Å"Famine, Affluence and Morality†, Peter Singer puts forth some compelling arguments for affluent people to give what they have in excess, to the suffering people of the world. Before any criticism is made, here is the argument: - There are people suffering and dying from lack of food, shelter and medical care. - People suffering and dying from lack of food, shelter and medical care is bad. - If you have the power to prevent something bad from happening without sacrificing †¨anything

Communication Solves Issues - 743 Words

Communication is an important way to resolve issues. The ways that human being communicates with each other depends on a variety of different circumstances. Circumstances such as relationships, that may get complicated because of poor communication efforts. The goal for effective communication techniques is to utilize proper listening skills and body language. The two styles of communication that is often compared when it is between male and females are instrumental and expressive. According to some researchers interactions between men and women involve them using these styles (Ashford, LeCroy, 2013). The difference between instrumental and expressive communication is said to be based on men and women styles of communicating. According to Haas (1979) the instrumental style often used as the male’s ability to argue, instruct and dispute. In other words it is often said that men tend to use their logical mind whenever the approach an issue. Expressive communication focuses on the expression of emotions as well as having a level of sensitivity in how others feel. This type of emotions that researchers say women display because they tend to be interested in others opinions and seeks to provide support. Instrumental communications focuses more of the male and their interest in having a more rational discussion about thing that they might be experiencing. In other words they are not quick to be emotional expressive. They tend to be more interested in solving a problem so theShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On The And Non Technical Lawyers1056 Words   |  5 Pagestheir inputs. An online form will be created to gather information from the lawyers. A secure link will be emailed to the lawyers to be able to access the form. My team wants to know about the issues they had in the past, how did they solve them, whom they contacted to solve the issues, and how the lawyers solve technical problems with their equipment. In the scenario. There are two groups of lawyers. One group has some technical skills and understands basic networking, and the other group does notRead MoreCommunication Challenges Among Cross Cultural Setting And Offshore Teams918 Words   |  4 PagesUnderstanding the commun ication challenges among cross-cultural setting and offshore teams and understanding the ways to minimize the challenges will help everyone to reduce communication issues and increase performance. Many US based companies are utilizing the teams from India and china to reduce the product development cost. While reducing the cost, using offshore teams, they face multiple cross cultural issues. Management needs to understand these kinds of issues and way to solve or mitigate theRead MoreCommunication And Leadership - Nurse1028 Words   |  5 PagesCommunication and Leadership – Nurse Olivia Witte Communication is a tool that nurse leaders should master to send information, perception, and understanding to achieve work activities and goals. Effective communication involves clear and direct messaging of thoughts and ideas. The three elements that leaders utilize when creating and enhancing effective communication are trust, respect, and empathy. For this paper, I will discuss some of the issues found in chapter seven’s critical thinking exerciseRead MoreOrganizational Behavior And Combat Turnover874 Words   |  4 Pagesorganization gives a manager the task of studying why the turnover rates of the organization have climbed to over 35% in the last 18 months. 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Fusion of western musical elements Essay Example For Students

Fusion of western musical elements Essay At an early age, he was already exposed to music by playing the piano even from the written score. He was a well educated musician and an activist. He studied music at the Trinity College of Music London. Upon his return from abroad, he was exposed to highlight and Jazz and later on developed forbear music. He died in Some of the foreign and indigenous musical elements in forbear music of Fell Nikolas Kit are: JAZZ: This is a combination of elements of western music and characteristics traceable back to the music of west Africa. The fundamental in distinguishing features of Jazz is based on simple melodies and complex cross-rhythms mixed with verbal slurs, vibrato and constant syncopation. Jazz music adopts much of the use of improvisation and syncopation. One of Fells reasons for his adoption of Jazz style into his music was because Jazz music had a lot of cultural information that enriched his mind. This he said in an interview with Walrus(1989). Some examples of Fells songs that have some elements of Jazz styles are: water, follow follow, way amongst others. BLUES: This emerged from spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts and chants, and rhymed simple ballads in United States of America in the 20th century. It later became the roots of Jazz, rock and roll, hip hop and other popular music forms. The structural pattern of the blues is a basic twelve-bar lyric framework which is reflected by a standard harmonic progression of twelve bars, in 4/4 time. Slow blues are often laded in 12/8 (beats per measure with 3 subdivisions per beat). In the harmony of blues, the use of harmonic seventh interval popularly called blues seven is a major characteristic. Another feature of the blues is the artistic imitation of instrumental sounds with their voices and to replicate aspects of the human voice with their instruments. Some examples of fells songs that have elements of blues are: Paella, you no go die amongst others. Fusion of western musical elements with African traditional musical elements in forbear By ladies

Lab Report on TLC analisys of Analgestic Drugs free essay sample

In this experiment, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was used to determine the composition of various over-the-counter (OTC) analgesics: Anacin, Bufferin, Excedrin, and Tylenol. The TLC plates were first viewed under ultraviolet (UV) light and then treated with iodine vapor in order to visualize the spotting. Experiment Scheme Initially, sixteen capillary micropipets were created in order to spot the TLC plates. Two TLC plates were then obtained and marked with pencil for spotting. A line was drawn 1 cm from the bottom of each plate, and five small, evenly spaced marks were made along those lines (see Figure 1). Each mark indicated where a substance would be spotted. All compounds used were in solutions of 1g of each dissolved in 20 ml of a 50:50 mixture of methylene chloride and ethanol. The first plate made was the reference plate. Capillary micropipets were used to spot the first four marks with acetaminophen, aspirin, caffeine, and salicylamide (in that order). We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report on TLC analisys of Analgestic Drugs or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (See figures 2-5 for chemical structures.) The last mark was spotted with a reference solution of all four chemicals. The second plate made was the sample plate. The first four marks were spotted with Anacin, Bufferin, Excedrin, and Tylenol. The fifth mark was spotted with a reference solution of all four drugs. Figure 1. Prepared TLC plates Figure 2. AcetaminophenFigure 3. Aspirin Figure 4. CaffeineFigure 5. Salicylamide A development container was created with a wide-mouthed screwcap jar. It was filled with the development solvent, which was .5% glacial acetic acid in ethyl acetate, so that the solvent was approximately . 5 cm deep.The first TLC plate was then carefully placed into the development container. Great care was taken to ensure that the plate went in evenly so that the solvent could rise evenly up the plate. Once the solvent front had reached approximately 1cm from the top of the plate, the plate was removed, the solvent front was marked with a pencil, and the plate was allowed to dry. The second plate was then placed in the development chamber in the same manner as the first. Once the solvent front reached approximately 1cm from the top of the plate, the plate was removed, the solvent front was marked with a pencil, and the plate was allowed to dry. Each plate was then viewed under the UV light. Any spots that were seen were lightly circled with a pencil, and their color was noted. The orders of elution (Rf values) were calculated by dividing the distance from the baseline to the center of the spot by the distance from the baseline to the solvent front. After all observations and calculations were made, the plates were placed in a jar containing iodine. The jar was warmed with hands so that the iodine vaporized. The plates were then removed from the jar and observed. The reference and sample plates were then compared to determine which compounds the drugs on the sample plate contained. Data

Braque the Fogotten Cubist Master essays

Braque the Fogotten Cubist Master essays Although George Braque (May 13, 1882 - Aug. 31, 1963) was one of the most influential painters of the twentieth century his name is all but forgotten. He has received little credit for his efforts towards the creation of analytic cubism. Many art historians believe that his prestigious role as father of analytic cubism was cut short because of Picassos fame. Many arguments have arisen asking the question: Who is the father of cubism? There is no doubt that Picasso started the spark which ignited modern art movements with the creation of Les Demoiselles dAvignon.. But, soon after Picasso created this work Braque created Houses at LEstaque. This painting started the analytic phase of cubism. With this in mind, it can be stated that Picasso is the father of modern twentieth century art and Braque is the father of analytic cubism. George Braque is one of the most influential painters of the twentieth century. He co-worked with Picasso to create cubism and helped spark all the future art movements of the twentieth century. As well as this, he was the influence that made Picasso the fame that he was to become. Braque has never received the recognition he should have because of Picassos fame, but his personal position in the art community was high and his involvement with World War One was a major culprits that aided in his downfall in artistic popularity. Who the father of cubism?, has always been a question that has pondered the minds of art historians and scholars. It is clear though that both Braque and Picasso played their prominent role in the creation of cubism. Picasso provided, with his proto-Cubist "Demoiselles," the initial liberating shock. But it was Braque, largely because of his admiration for Cezanne, who provided much of the early tendency toward geometrical forms. Braques early tendency towards geometric form and cubes wa...

Environmental issues Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Environmental issues - Research Paper Example Can only produce energy for a specified time c. Extra electricity produced cannot be stored d. Extraction and storage of certain elements (hydrogen) are difficult. 4) Conclusion Alternative Energy Sources: A Panacea to Oil Dependence The world economy, to meet the energy requirements and needs, has to utilize fuel whether renewable or non-renewable. The future of the economy of this world depends on alternative renewable energy sources. Since, non-renewable resources are depleting quickly, renewable resources could be an answer to ending human dependence on oil but it could have both positive and negative impacts on a sustainable world. Using renewable energy sources will provide an alternative to oil and fossil fuels alike, thus ending the dependency on them. This in turn will lead to a decrease in the ecological problems especially those of global warming that are largely caused by the use of oil and fossil fuels as a source of energy. If the dependency of energy is not shifted fro m oil and other fossil fuels to alternative energy resources, the world may have to face serious disadvantages including economic and environmental (Heinberg, 2003). Another reason how alternative energy sources can help as a more dependable source of energy is that fossil fuel and oil resources are scarce and running out, therefore finding alternative means is important to ensure a constant supply of energy for our future generations as well (Heinberg, 2003). ... Therefore in order to keep this world from facing such devastating crises, there is a vital need that the oil dependency is reduced and alternative means are explored (Rau, 2010). There is a grave need for reducing the levels of pollution in the environment. A shift from reliance and dependence on the non-renewable energy sources will create opportunities such as the utilization of waste and junk, as junk can be used as a source of fuel. Not only will this way the pollution caused by the use of fossil fuels and oil be reduced, but this approach will also lead to the alternative methods of providing sources of energy to meet the global energy requirements, such as the use of energy for internal heating systems for homes, etc. (Rau, 2010). The use of alternative energy sources will also help the growing energy needs of the developing countries. As the developing world advances, there will be an increase in the energy needs. These developing needs can be met by the production and consum ption of energy that is produced domestically. This way the development of the developing countries will be supported, more and more industries and businesses will have their energy needs met and the fulfillment of energy needs will make for availability of greater businesses and job availability needs (McNamee, 2008). The utilization of renewable energy sources will rid nations from dependence on other nations for oil as a source of energy. Renewable energy sources can be produced domestically anywhere. This will make it easier for every nation to be independent and take care of their energy needs without any sort of reliance on other nations. Not only will it make for a  better and

Sit-Coms(American History) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sit-Coms(American History) - Research Paper Example Archie Bunker: Now thats where I got you, wise guy, theres a black guy who works down at the building with me, hes got a bumper sticker on his car that says Black is Beautiful so whats the matter with black beauties? M.A.S.H.: This show was based on three army doctors. This is recognized to be one of the dark comedies as it deals with very grave social issues which include race, and the various absurdity of life. The sitcom has dealt with women and their issues in life in a relatively lighter manner. The show has a number of dialogues to show how serious issues in those days have been dealt with and moved into a comedy as well. The dialogue below: Margaret, "Whats wrong Frank?" Frank, "Oh, those guys make me SO mad.........theyre always fooling around and nobody seems to care except you and me! Margaret, "I know Frank, theyre a disgrace! Not one of them is a respectable officer like you, they certainly dont deserve to wear those bars." FRANK SWELLS UP Margaret, "Theyre always conniving to make you look bad. Its time to do something about them Frank! Lets go call General Hammond right now and tell him what theyre up to. Ill bet hell put you in charge and get rid of those jokers, then WE can run this camp like it should be!" Frank puffing his chest out, "Youre right Snookems, lets go do that while theyre busy!" Margaret, "Oh Frank, I just love it when you take control." Wes Gehring "MASH turns 30: the TV series dark comedy was a paean to the ludicrousness of war. - Entertainment - television program review", USA Today (Society for the Advancement of Education), FindArticles.com, 06 Sep, 2009,

Marketing Managers Marketing Mix Marketing Essay

Marketing Managers Marketing Mix Marketing Essay The Marketing Mix, a basic tool of Marketing managers, the particular mixture of marketing techniques, for example, pricing, packaging, and advertising, used to promote the sale of a product. Marketing managers bring the elements of the Four Ps together, combining them to achieve a greater result from their combination then each of the individual effects of the Four Ps. In brief this assignment is concerned about marketing management .It covers in details about the concept of marketing mix with the aid of PepsiCo Inc., Which I have taken as a case study in exploring the way this organization has applied the marketing mix. CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION BACKGROUN OF THE COMPANY LITERATURE SURVEY IN MARKETING MIX MARKETING MIX IN PEPSICO INC CONCLUSION REFERENCES APPENDIX INTRODUCTION Marketing is about identifying human and social needs, in shortest form may be meeting the needs profitably. In other words marketing can be defined as an organizational function and set of processes for creating, communicating and delivering value to customers and managing customer relationships in ways thats benefit the organization and its stakeholders (marketing management, Philip Kotler Kevin lane Keller 13th Edition 2006). Mainly marketing was not being done only with the marketing department of the organization. It needs to interact with the aspects of the customers experience marketers must properly manage all possible points to satisfy the customer. Satisfying the customers was not an easy task for a marketer to market his product, a proper marketing plan definitely needed for the success of the product for this, marketing mix was a very important tool for the proper marketing plan in success. Thats why now a days marketing mix as become a very vital role in the organization products. The proper marketing mix definitely gives a positive growth and enabling the organization to increase the market share in the particular target market. MARKETING MIX The term marketing mix refers to the four major areas of decision making in the marketing process that are blended the results desired by the organization. The four elements of the marketing mix are sometimes referred to the four Ps of marketing. The marketing mix shapes the role of marketing with in all types of organization, both profit and non-profit. Marketing managers make numerous decision based on the various sub elements of the marketing mix, all in an attempt to satisfy the needs and wants of customers. In recent times, we have seen the explosion of new media (Internet, viral marketing, event marketing, product placement, etc.) decreased television viewership, the advent of TiVo and similar technology where viewers can be skip through commercials, and increased cost-cutting pressures. All of this has combined to increase demands for marketing departments to maximize the return on their marketing investments that is to optimize the combination of marketing and advertising investments in order to generate the greatest sales growth and or maximize profits. Marketing mix modelling measures the potential value of all marketing inputs and identifies marketing investments that are most likely to produce long-term revenue growth. As a marketing manager of PepsiCo Inc., is a world leader in convenient snacks, foods and beverages with revenues of more than $39 billion and over 185,000 employees. Here i am going to discuss about my organization, organization marketing strategy and mainly the marketing mix implemented by PepsiCo. BACKGROUND OF THE COMPANY NAME : PEPSI CO COUNTRY OF ORGIN : UNITED STATES INDUSTRY : Food Snacks Non-alcoholic Beverages CEO : Indra Krishnamurthy Nooyi PRODUCTS : Pepsi : Mountain Dew : Sierra Mist : Starbucks Frappucino : Lipton Iced Tea : Tropicana products, Etc., HISTORY The Pepsi Cola Company began in 1898 by a Pharmacist and Industrialist Caleb Bradham, but it only became known as PepsiCo when it merged with Frito Lay in 1965. Until 1997, it also owned KFC, Pizza Hut, and Taco Bell, but these fast-food restaurants were spun off into Tricon Global Restaurants, now Yum! Brands, Inc. PepsiCo purchased Tropicana in 1998 and Quaker Oats in 2001. In December 2005, PepsiCo surpassed Coca-Cola Company in market value for the first time in 112 years since both companies began to compete.PepsiCo, Incorporated (Short for Pepsi Company) (NYSE:  PEP) is a large multinational with interests in manufacturing, marketing and selling a wide variety of carbonated and non-carbonated beverages, as well as salty, sweet and grain-based snacks, and other foods. Besides the Pepsi-Cola brands. PepsiCo is a world leader in convenient snacks, foods and beverages with revenues of more than $39 billion and over 185,000 employees. In India PepsiCo gained entry to India in 1988, by creating ventures with Punjab government-owned Punjab Agro Industrial Corporation (PAIC) and Voltas India Limited. This joint venture marketed and sold Lehar Pepsi until 1991, when the use of foreign brands was allowed; PepsiCo bought out its partners and ended the joint venture in 1994. In 2003, the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), a non-governmental organization in New Delhi, said aerated waters produced by soft drinks manufacturers in India, including multinational giants PepsiCo and The Coca-Cola Company, contained toxins, including lindane, DDT, malathion and chlorpyrifos pesticides that can contribute to cancer, a breakdown of the immune system and cause birth defects. Tested products included Coke, Pepsi, 7 Up, Mirinda, Fanta, Thumps Up, Limca, and Sprite. CSE found that the Indian-produced Pepsis soft drink products had 36 times the level of pesticide residues permitted under European Union regulations; Coca Colas 30 times.C SE said it had tested the same products in the US and found no such residues. However, this was the European standard for water, not for other drinks. No law bans the presence of pesticides in drinks in India. In 2006, the CSE again found that soda drinks, including both Pepsi and Coca-Cola, had high levels of pesticides in their drinks. Both PepsiCo and The Coca-Cola Company maintain that their drinks are safe for consumption and have published newspaper advertisements that say pesticide levels in their products are less than those in other foods such as tea, fruit and dairy products. In the Indian state of Kerala, sale and production of Pepsi-Cola, along with other soft drinks, was banned by the state government in 2006, but this was reversed by the Kerala High Court merely a month later. Five other Indian states have announced partial bans on the drinks in schools, colleges and hospitals. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PepsiCo#PepsiCo_in_India) LITERATURE SURVEY MARKETING Marketing is a social and managerial process where by individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others (kotler and Armstrong principles of marketing) MARKETING MIX Marketing mix is the set of controllable tactical marketing tools that the form blends to produce the response it wants in the target market. marketing mix is consist of every thing the firm can do to influence the demand for its products the many possibilities can be collected in to four groups of variables 4pproduct, price, place, and promotion (kotler Armstrong ).The marketing mix principle are controllable variable which have to be carefully manage and must need the target customers. All elements of the marketing mix are linked and support each other. PRODUCT The first element in the marketing mix is the product .The term product refers to the tangible physical products as well it includes services. Product means the goods and services combination the company offers to the target market. (Kotler Armstrong) .An object or a service that is mass produced or manufactured on a large scale with a specific volume of units. A typical example of a mass produced service is the hotel industry. A less obvious but ubiquitous mass produced service is a computer operating system. Product is divided in to three basic levels: Core products Actual products Augmented products Core Products The perceived or real core benefit or service to be gained from a product. Actual Product A composite of the features and capabilities offered quality and durability, design and product styling, packaging and brand name. Augmented Products Support for the product, including customer service, warranty, delivery and credit, personnel, installation and after-sales support. PRICE The second element in marketing mix is price. The price of the product covers all the expenses incurred in manufacturing and selling. Price is the amount of money customers have to pay to obtain the product.(kotler armstrong) .It is determined by a number of factors including market share, competition, material costs, product identity and the customers perceived value of the product. The business may increase or decrease the price of product if other stores have the same product. For example: When pricing a new product, businesses can use either market penetration pricing or a skimming strategy. Types of Pricing PENETARTION PRICING: Penetration pricing is the pricing technique of setting a relatively low initial entry price, a price that is often lower than the eventual market price. The expectation is that the initial low price will secure market acceptance by breaking down existing brand loyalties. Penetration pricing is most commonly associated with a marketing objective of increasing market share or sales volume, rather than short term profit maximization. SKIMMING PRICING: Skimming pricing is the strategy of establishing a high initial price for a product with a view to skimming the cream off the market at the upper end of the demand curve. It is accompanied by heavy expenditure on promotion. A skimming strategy may be recommended when the nature of demand is uncertain, when a company has expended large sums of money on research and development for a new product, when the competition is expected to develop and market a similar product in the near future, or when the product is so innovative that the market is expected to mature very slowly. Pricing objectives usually four forms: Profitability Volume Meeting the Competition Prestige Profitability Profitability means that the firm focuses mainly on maximizing its profit. Under profitability, a company increases its prices so that additional equals the increase in product production cost. Volume Volume pricing objectives a company aims maximize sales volume with in a given specific profit margin. The focus of volume pricing is increasing sales rather than on an immediate increase in profits. Meeting the Competition Meeting the price level competitors is another pricing strategy. It is focusing in less on price and more on non-price competition items such as location and services. Prestige Prestige pricing refers to the practice of setting a high price for an product, throughout its entire life cycle as opposed to the short term opportunistic high price of price skimming. This is done in order to evoke perceptions of quality and prestige with the product or service. PROMOTION Promotion is the third element in the marketing mix.Promotion means that the activities communicate the merits of the product and persuade the target customers to buy their product. (kotler) Promotion represents all of the communications that a marketer may use in the marketplace. Promotion has four distinct elements advertising, public relations, word of mouth and point of sale. A certain amount of crossover occurs when promotion uses the four principle elements together, which is common in film promotion. Advertising covers any communication that is paid for, from television and cinema commercials, radio and Internet adverts through print media and billboards. One of the most notable means of promotion today is the Promotional Product, as in useful items distributed to targeted audiences with no obligation attached. This category has grown each year for the past decade while most other forms have suffered. It is the only form of advertising that targets all five senses and has the recipient thanking the giver. Public relations are where the communication is not directly paid for and includes press releases, sponsorship deals, exhibitions, conferences, seminars or trad e fairs and events. Word of mouth is any apparently informal communication about the product by ordinary individuals, satisfied customers or people specifically engaged to create word of mouth momentum. Sales staff often plays an important role in word of mouth and Public Relations. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_mix) For example a consumer is likely to want only one variant of your product and expect to purchase it immediately. A retailer is likely to want limited stock of a number of variants and not expect to pay for 60 days. A distributor is looking at large volumes of product in all its variants at greatly discounted rates. Your distribution policy needs to take account of these variables. If it does not, then you will find yourself in a very embarrassing position with a customer sooner or later which would result in the loss of a sale. The elements of the communication process are: Sender Decoding Message / Media Decoding Receiver Feedback Noise There are four promotion tools. Each promotion tools has its own unique characteristics and function. Advertising Sales promotion Public relations Personal selling (Term explanations are in Appendix) PLACE The fourth element of the marketing mix is place .Place includes company activities that makes the product available to target customers (kotler) Place represents the location where a product can be purchased. It is often referred to as the distribution channel. It can include any physical store as well as virtual stores on the Internet. Place refers to having the right product, in the right location, at the right time to be purchased by consumers. This proper placement of product is done through middle people called the channel of distribution. The channel of distribution is comprised of interdependent manufacturers, wholesalers, and retailers. Each participant in the channel of distribution is concerned with three basic utilities: time, place, and possession. Time utility refers to having a product available at the time that will satisfy the needs of consumers. Place utility occurs when a firm provides satisfaction by locating products where they can be easily acquired by consumers . The last utility is possession utility, which means that wholesalers and retailers in the channel of distribution provide services to consumers with as few obstacles as possible. MARKETING MIX IN PEPSI PRODUCT As per kotler said product means any thing that can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use or consumption and might satisfy a want or need .mostly products are fall into two segments .consumer products and industrial products The Pepsi drink contains basic ingredients found in most other similar drinks including carbonated water, high fructose corn syrup, sugar colourings, phosphoric acid, citric acid and natural flavours. The caffeine free Pepsi cola contains the same ingredients but no caffeine. Quality Pepsi follows one quality standard across the globe. Pepsi has a long-standing commitment to protecting the consumers whose trust and confidence in its products is the bedrock of its success. In order to ensure that consumers stay informed about the global quality of all Pepsi products sold in world .Pepsi products carry a quality assurance seal on them. The core benefit is drink for refreshment without alcohol and the feature is black colour with contain Aspartame (Nutra Sweet), Sucralose (splenda), Acesulfame Potassium (Sunnett). Augmented Product: Good customer support (i.e. Accessible, fast) Differentiation Pepsi has attempted to differentiate its products from cokes, but with little success. In an attempt to differentiate its products from cokes, Pepsi shifted its focus to the growing American teenage market in the 1990s, while coke continued to target baby boomers. Pepsi focused on varietal differentiation since 1999 by introducing a string of niche products although product innovation has been quickly copied by Coke. Since product extensions generate considerable uncertainty with modest results and high cost, both firms could jointly de-escalate the introduction of new products in favour of focusing on core brands, with some emphasis on product innovation. Pepsi could signal this intent by announcing its strategy publicly, hopefully encouraging Coke to follow suit. Brand Extension in Pepsi PRICING Pricing is the only mix which generate the turn over for the organization the remaining are the variable cost for the organization. Price must support all elements of marketing mix, pricing is very difficult and must reflect and supply demand relationship. Types of pricing Strategy. Penetration pricing Penetration Pricing is a market-based approach to pricing wherein the price is set to a sufficiently low level (below the prices of competing products) to make the product attractive to the mass market. The aim is to achieve a large market share by high initial sales. It is introducing the product at a low price intended to capture the mass market for the product or service. Skimming pricing A product pricing strategy by which a firm charges the highest initial price that customer will pay. As the demand of the first customers is satisfied, the firm lowers the price to attract another, more price-sensitive segment. Therefore, the skimming strategy gets its name from skimming successive layers of cream, or customer segments, as prices are lowered over time. Competition pricing Method in which a seller uses prices of competing products as a benchmark instead of considering owns costs or the customer demand. Product Line pricing Product lining is the marketing strategy of offering for sale several related products. Unlike product bundling, where several products are combined into one, lining involves offering several related products individually. A line can comprise related products of various sizes, types, colours, qualities, or prices. Line depth refers to the number of product variants in a line. Line consistency refers to how closely relate the products that make up the line are. Line vulnerability refers to the percentage of sales or profits that are derived from only a few products in the line. Bundle Pricing Another pricing adjustment designed to increase sales is to offer discounted pricing when customers purchase several different products at the same time.   Termed bundle pricing, the technique is often used to sell products that are complementary to a main product.   For buyers, the overall cost of the purchase shows a savings compared to purchasing each product individually. Psychological Pricing Psychological pricing or price ending is a marketing practice based on the theory that certain prices have a psychological impact. The retail prices are often expressed as odd prices: a little less than a round number. The ASIA CSD market is mature. The industry sales growth is largely driven by population growth as well as the amount of advertising and product innovation taking in the industry. Given the mature nature of the market, both PepsiCo and coca-cola have resorted to pricing discrimination strategies to maximise the value of the consumer demand. Direct Pricing Discrimination The simplest form of extracting customer surplus is charging customers with different prices based on their location and purchasing power. This is evident in the international operations of both Pepsi and Coca cola. Cola prices in Mexico, Brazil and Eastern Europe are lower than prices in Asia. Restaurant fountain drinks, single drinks at gas stations and take-home packs at supermarkets have all different prices on a per-unit basis even though their costs adjusted for packaging and distribution would not warrant such a discrepancy. Obviously, such segmentation helps situational-based pricing differences. In-Direct Pricing Discrimination Quantity discounts along with price coupons used in supermarkets are obvious indirect price discrimination tools Pepsi can use. However, the most effective indirect price discrimination tool Pepsi has is in fact its brand name. The Pepsi brand equity actually allows the company to maintain its pricing power. Retailers use this product category to induce store traffic and create additional sales, which in turn reduces their power relative to Pepsi. Given the 80% margin on concentrate, it is easy to see why Wal-Mart and other discount retailers can undercut Pepsis pricing with private labels, but still they will be ineffective in stealing Pepsi customers as long as Pepsis brand (and Cokes for that sake) maintains high customer loyalty. PROMOTION The successful products are service means nothing and less the benefits of such service can be communicated clearly in to the target market. Normally the promotional mix consists of: Advertising Public relations sales promotion Personal selling Direct mail internet, e-commerce Normally Pepsi spending more on advertising rather than any other promotion mix. The main promotional strategy for Pepsi is advertising on media and taking part in social corporate events and sometimes Pepsi also offering sales promotions during the non-peak periods to retain the sales partly, now Pepsi advertising in internet also. As a marketing manager of Pepsi should go with Virgos advertising strategy to overcome the competitor and also Pepsi should contribute public relation also that will definitely give positive and rapid sales increase. PLACE The distribution and logistics operations of the PepsiCo, one of the worlds leading beverages and snack foods companies. The distribution system of the company clearly explaining the significance of various distribution channels used including supermarkets/retail stores, fountain/restaurant, convenience stores, vending machines and others for distributing beverages and snack foods. It also describes the logistics operations of PepsiCos bottler (Pepsi Americas) and elaborates on how by employing the latest wireless technology solutions it enhanced the efficiency of its distribution and logistics operations significantly. CONCLUSION Pepsi Inc., as built reputation around the world as a major player in the soft drink market as well as the leader in the snack food industry. This has been done by creating a wholesome environment for their customers all the while maintaining its integrity. This can be seen in the marketing mix which is the successful mix such as product, price, promotion and distribution. But in PepsiCo distribution must understand the importance of an efficient distribution and logistics management system in reducing costs and creating value for customers. An effective marketing program brings together all of the elements of the marketing mix to achieve the organisations marketing objectives by delivering to customers what they want and need. Thus, the most successful companies will be those that can meet these needs most effectively. REFERENCES Marketing a Service for Profit: A Practical Guide to Key Service Marketing Concepts By Ian Ruskin-Brown, Greg Clark, Published by Kogan Page Publishers, 2007 Marketing By Richard Sandhusen Published by Barrons Educational Series, 2008 The Marketing Mix Published by Primedia Corporate University, 1998 Marketing management By Philip Kotler and Armstrong Web References http://www.pepsi.com/ http://www.pepsico.com/ http://www.sirpepsi.com/pepsi11.htm

Casella wines ? Export success :: essays research papers

1.Identify its international markets   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  US and North America identified o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Distribution network – 44 states. o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Size – initially estimated 20-30 thousand cartons to 100 thousand cartons, reality was 20 to 200 thousand. o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Annual sales $3 million.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  UK o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some regional supermarkets hoping to expand to majors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mainland Europe o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some beginning sales. 2.Describe and analyse the reason for its international expansion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Increase sales/find new markets – domestic market oversupplied   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Minimise competitive risk   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Economies of scale   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cushioning economic cycle   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Comparative advantage o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  High cost of labour and land in US. 3.Explaing the influences on this business in the global market Political Tensions between free trade and protection   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Globalisation seeing removal of barriers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Eg. Quotas, tariffs, subsidies – statistics   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Exports of wine have increased from 3% of sales to 52% of sales in 2002. this equals $2.3 billion dollars or 414 million litres   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  US greatest source of export growth   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Australia’s export policy has led to major reforms in the Australian wine industry   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ËœRationalisation of wine production’ leading to overall efficiency giving them cost advantages over their competitors and reshaping of distribution lines.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4th largest wine exported in the world with 5% of global market International organisations and treaties   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1994 Uruguay multilateral agreement (WTO)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Agreement to reduce protection on agricultural products (wines/grapes) by 36% by 2000   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  UK has the largest export market of wine Trade agreements   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  US and Australia have strong trade relations and trade agreements War in the Middle East Weak economic conditions Social Consumer tastes   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Global markets have been increasingly integrated   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Growing demand for mass market, high quality wines and a recognisable brand   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Marketing of wines ‘other benefits’ has increased consumption globally   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Strong economic growth period sees wine viewed as a luxury good, something consumers buy when they feel conditions are good as their incomes are increasing. Also at this particular price range fluctuations do not vary with economic conditions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Strong market for Australian markets taking off in the US Financial   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Currency fluctuations   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Weak Australian dollar has helped making Yellow Tail a better taste at $7 and a lower price than its Californian counterparts which are hobbled by high cost of land and labour   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Currency fluctuations would have to get way about 70 cents for Casella to be unprofitable without a price change Legal   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  None mentioned 4.Explain the strategies used by the business to achieve its target markets

Internet security Essay

In the developed and developing world, the use of the internet has increased in popularity. The use of the internet has become the preferred mode of communication and resources for various players like industries, corporations, telecommunications, and governments and in business. In business, the internet has facilitated financial transactions that have greatly changed the face of business making it fast and simple and in conformation to the global village the technology has created. With the increased use of the internet, there has been a corresponding increase in cyber crime from criminals who are seeking either financial gains or other advantages for example military. The frequency of these attacks is very high and the levels of sophistication used are great . This makes it difficult for many organizations to determine new threats, their risk factors and ways of dealing with the menace (Cetron, et al, 2009). Many times it is difficult for the organizations to determine which attacks to deal with first and how to allocate resources to deal with them. In the commercial sector, attacks on electronic financial transactions have resulted in great financial losses and corresponding reductions in user confidence. Electronic transactions consist of funds transfers, data interchange, trade confirmations and benefits transfers. Many crimes that occur have plagued the industry for years like theft, service denial, extortion demands or fraud. Technology has however; greatly magnified the ability of major crimes to be committed in a matter of seconds. Electronic security is an industry that is growing and becoming globalised. This industry offers services in the categories of assessment, access and utilization. To demonstrate the severity of attacks on April, 2009, Chinese and Russian spies managed to infiltrate the United States of America electrical grid and inserted disruptive software into the system (Cetron, et al, 2009). An attack which occurred prior to this one on September 2008 would have caused the collapse of the global economy were it not for intervention. Unidentified hackers robbed the lucrative American financial market accounts a total of five hundred and fifty million dollars in a little less than two hours. If the accounts would not have been closed by the Treasury Department they would have lost almost six trillion dollars. This would have caused the global economy to collapse in approximately twenty four hours. One security threat is phishing. Phishing involves the acquisition of sensitive information like passwords, credit card details, usernames and pin numbers. It makes its presentation as being a legal entity. The unsuspecting victims are lured by receiving communications which purport to be from a popular website or payment processors. It is usually done through instant messaging services or emails (Shu-Min & Shann-Bin, 2006). These communications directs the users to enter their details at a fraudulent website which bears a great semblance to the authentic one. Phishing attacks were observed on two popular brands which provide payment services for banks globally in the United States of America in February 2010. The fraudsters created phishing sites in English and other languages, the most popular being French. These websites targeted customers by sending spam mails with the subject proving the card number and claiming that there was a risk of fraudulent transactions taking place. This attack was created using two types of phishing websites. The first utilised Uniform Resource Locators which were created with domain names with many top level domain variants. The most popular domain which was utilised was . cz which represented the Czech Republic. Upon entering their sensitive information into a card holder page for the false verification, the page redirected to the real website. The second attack utilised Uniform Resource Locators with Internet Protocol domains which were hosted on servers based in the United States (Glaessner, 2002). The Uniform Resource Locators’ strings were very long, typically with more than seven hundred characters. The pages asked for sensitive data but had an auto signed debit card or credit card number. This auto signing was done by placing stolen numbers of cards obtained from earlier attacks on the form. Upon receipt of information the page was redirected to a blank page. Cross site scripting is a form of phishing that occurs in programs or websites that allow user input. If the input data is not properly sanitized the program may then process thee input or execute the codes which the original program was not to do. This has been used to redirect users to fake websites. Users are advised not to click on suspicious links in emails and to check the Uniform Resource Locator’s of the website to authenticate brands. It is also advised that one should type the brand domain name directly into the browser address instead of following links. The use of security software has also been recommended. Pharming involves redirecting the redirection of websites traffic and taking it to a false website. Pharming is done by either converting the hosts file on the victims’ computer or exploiting Domain Name Systems servers’ software (Basu, 2009). These Domain Names Systems servers main task is to convert internet names to their real addresses. A compromised server therefore does not direct traffic to legitimate websites. Highly vulnerable sites of compromised are near internet leaves. If wrong entries on a computer’s host file are made it results in circumvention of name lookup using its own name to Internet Protocol mapping, this makes it a popular target for malware. Once it is rewritten a user can be redirected to a fake copy. The better targets for pharming are desktop computers as they receive poor administration in comparison to most other internet services. Host file compromises can compromise the network router. Many routers specify Domain Name Systems to clients on the network and wrong information here spoils the entire local area network. A compromise in routers is very hard to detect. Pharming also occurs by infecting the victim’s computer with malware or a virus. This causes the redirection of a website to a fake one. An unsuspecting user may enter information site unaware. To avoid pharming, users are advised to search for details that prove that the website is authentic. Typing the sites address into the browser bar also offers some protection. Use of an antivirus to reduce virus infiltration into the computers is also recommended. Vigilance is important in warding off attacks. Trojan horses are also a great threat to internet security. Trojan horses present themselves as valuable software which is available for downloading on the internet. This fools many people into downloading the virus in the presumption that it is another application. A Trojan horse is usually separated into parts which are the client and the server. The client is usually disguised as important software and is situated in some sharing networks like peer to peer or uncertified websites for downloads. As soon as the client Trojan is executed in the computer, the attacker who is the person operating the server has great control over the computer and can destroy it depending on his purpose. The spread of the Trojan horse virus can occur through email attachments using various spamming techniques. Malware creators spread the virus through chat software like Skype and Yahoo Messenger. The virus may also infect other machines by distributing copies of itself to those in the address book of the infected computer. There are many types of Trojan horses. Remote access Trojans give attackers complete control of he victim’s computer and access to any information stored in the files. Password Trojans copy all passwords and look for passwords as they are keyed into a computer and send them to a certain email address. Key loggers log the keystrokes used by victims and send the log information to the attacker and can be configured to online and offline modes of recording. Destructive Trojans cause destructions to files and deletes them completely from infected computers. They are able to delete all system files of a computer (Basu, 2009). While there are other types of Trojans not mentioned here, it should be noted that a Trojan may work with a combination of some of the functionalities explained. To best avoid a Trojan hose virus attack, one should open email attachments or files received from strange senders. Installing and updating an antivirus program is also helpful. For secure electronic online transactions certain criteria have to be addressed and met. There must be secure access control which determines who has access to a system and be able to deny access to intruders. Proper authentication of users and message integrity must also be established. Privacy of the parties involved must also be safeguarded and maintained (Shu-Min & Shann-Bin, 2006). Non-repudiation must be ensured where the sender cannot deny (falsely) sending a message. The use of online signatures has also been manipulated to commit fraud. Electronic signatures are a recognized electronic way of showing that a person has accepted the contents of a message sent electronically. These signatures are increasingly being used in electronic commerce and have evolved into digitized signatures which are encrypted and more secure than a simple electronic signature. While they are themselves subject to fraud the purpose of their creation was to combat fraud (Hansen, 1995). Electronic signatures are based on legal principles which have to be understood by the institutions which wish to use it. The use of digital signatures is a code that authenticates the origins of a document. A well done electronic signature causes the signer to be uniquely identified. It also causes the document to be locked using encryption technology and is electronically stamped throughout the process with time and date. It also stores the document for access without fear of being lost or its existence denied. The security of electronic financial transactions can also be enhanced by the use of digital certificates against phishing and pharming. To avoid manipulation of transactions in signature based online banking, utility of Class-3 electronic card readers should be explored. Virus scanners should be used to protect from Trojan horses. Care when downloading software should be exercised. With the mass adoption of technology, countries around the world are increasingly using technological based solutions to address their needs and carry out their functions. The use of the internet has created a highly competitive market. While cyber crime has not infiltrated or integrated itself equally in many countries it is an industry that is growing very fast and deserves much global attention (Shu-Min & Shann-Bin, 2006). As earlier discussed, it has the potential of destroying whole markets and creating great havoc. Attempts to control cyber crime have not been concerted. Many challenges have arisen in trying to control this threat. Technology is a fast changing and cyber crime has achieved very high levels of sophistication. Cyber criminals have designed malware which are virtually undetectable and are difficult to diagnose. It has proved challenging to design and keep up with these creations (Glaessner, 2002). Due to the high levels of vulnerability to cyber attacks there is an urgent need to formulate clear policies. These policies should include guidelines on how to cyber crime is to be dealt with. This should include coming up with laws that will outline prosecution of cyber criminals due to the potential of these criminals to create damage and go unpunished and detected. Users of the internet and the various services it offers should also assume personal responsibility for their own safety (Cetron, et al, 2009). Studies have shown that the ‘human factor’ is largely the cause of the success of cyber crime rather than advancements in technology. In the United States, despite various public campaigns on internet security, people continue to be reckless with their personal information. This leaves them very vulnerable to attacks by cyber criminals. Predictions have been made that incidences of cyber crime will continue to increase. Users should therefore be very vigilant in monitoring their information. Software to combat cyber crime is available and users should take the initiative to acquire this software to alert them of suspicious websites or claims. They should also regularly update their software like antivirus which is highly dynamic due to the creation of new viruses and malware that occurs at a very high rate (almost daily). In conclusion, electronic financial transactions have created great savings in terms of financial savings for both providers and users and reduced the wastage of time. The use of this technology has correspondingly exposed its users newer forms of crime and every effort must be made to combat cyber crime.

Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Issues - Same-Sex Marriage and...

Same-Sex Marriage and the Destruction of American Culture The late 20th century disintegration of marriage is epoch-defining and hazardous to moral health. The question of legally recognizing same-sex marriage - thrust upon us by recent court decisions - culminates this disintegration. There are many reasons why the ills of marriage are so pivotal. Marriage is the principle of sexual morality. Immoral sexual acts are often wrong for other reasons, too, such as the injustice of imposing oneself sexually upon another without consent. But all immoral sexual activity is wrong because it is non-marital. Our law until recently recognized this pivotal role of marriage. As United States Supreme Court†¦show more content†¦Abortion as a legal liberty may now have roots in the economic needs and aspirations of contemporary women. That is, the abortion license is thought to be a necessary corollary of womens economic and political equality. And abortion liberty has always had a certain eugenic coloring. Roe v. Wade was nevertheless a decision midwifed by sexual freedom. Abortion was backup contraception. Thirty-five million legal abortions have not eroded the staunch pro-life commitments of more than half of this countrys inhabitants. We may live in a culture of death, but many escape its corrupting influence. Indeed, the vast majority of Americans, whether avowedly pro-life or pro-choice, know that abortion is wrong. If there is a classic case proving the Apostles vision of a natural law written on the hearts of all, abortion is it. Many who support abortion rights obligingly cite their personal opposition to abortion, and even a pro-abortion President hoped to make it rare. At a Congressional hearing in July 1999, a New York Representative, who would more fittingly be described as the Ayatollah of abortion rights, could not help speaking of moms and expectant mothers carrying babies. 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